* pregnant or lactating woman * history of transfusion reaction, blood-group incompatibility, iga deficiency, or allergy to immunoglobulin-containing substances * concurrent participation of clinical trials of covid-19 treatment * possibility of transfer to other hospital within 72 hours * heart failure (nyha class iii or higher) or other diseases with risks of volume overload * permanent organ failure unrelated to covid-19, including: * end-stage liver disease (ctp score \>10 or meld score \>40) * end stage renal disease with creatinine clearance \<30% or in routine dialysis * multiple organ failure (sofa score ≥11) * concomitant condition or treatment with risks of thrombosis, e.g., cryoglobulinemia, refractory hypertriglyceridemia, or monoclonal gammopathy

* pregnant or lactating woman * history of transfusion reaction, blood-group incompatibility, iga deficiency, or allergy to immunoglobulin-containing substances * concurrent participation of clinical trials of covid-19 treatment * possibility of transfer to other hospital within 72 hours * heart failure (nyha class iii or higher) or other diseases with risks of volume overload * permanent organ failure unrelated to covid-19, including: * end-stage liver disease (ctp score \>10 or meld score \>40) * end stage renal disease with creatinine clearance \<30% or in routine dialysis * multiple organ failure (sofa score ≥11) * concomitant condition or treatment with risks of thrombosis, e.g., cryoglobulinemia, refractory hypertriglyceridemia, or monoclonal gammopathy

- pregnant or lactating woman - history of transfusion reaction, blood-group incompatibility, iga deficiency, or allergy to immunoglobulin-containing substances - concurrent participation of clinical trials of covid-19 treatment - possibility of transfer to other hospital within 72 hours - heart failure (nyha class iii or higher) or other diseases with risks of volume overload - permanent organ failure unrelated to covid-19, including: - end-stage liver disease (ctp score >10 or meld score >40) - end stage renal disease with creatinine clearance <30% or in routine dialysis - multiple organ failure (sofa score ≥11) - concomitant condition or treatment with risks of thrombosis, e.g., cryoglobulinemia, refractory hypertriglyceridemia, or monoclonal gammopathy

- pregnant or lactating woman - history of transfusion reaction, blood-group incompatibility, iga deficiency, or allergy to immunoglobulin-containing substances - concurrent participation of clinical trials of covid-19 treatment - possibility of transfer to other hospital within 72 hours - heart failure (nyha class iii or higher) or other diseases with risks of volume overload - permanent organ failure unrelated to covid-19, including: - end-stage liver disease (ctp score >10 or meld score >40) - end stage renal disease with creatinine clearance <30% or in routine dialysis - multiple organ failure (sofa score ≥11) - concomitant condition or treatment with risks of thrombosis, e.g., cryoglobulinemia, refractory hypertriglyceridemia, or monoclonal gammopathy