inclusion criteria: 1. hospitalized for covid-19 2. ≥18 years of age 3. sars-cov-2 infection, documented by: 1. nucleic acid test (nat) or equivalent testing within 3 days prior to randomization or 2. documented by nat or equivalent testing more than 3 days prior to randomization and progressive disease suggestive of ongoing sars-cov-2 infection per the responsible investigator (for non-nat tests, only those deemed with equivalent specificity to nat by the protocol team will be allowed. a central list of allowed non- nat tests is maintained in appendix e. appendix e. non-nat tests deemed with equivalent specificity to nat by the protocol team). 4. hypoxemia, defined as spo2 \<92% on room air, new receipt of supplemental oxygen to maintain spo2 ≥92%, or increased supplemental oxygen to maintain spo2 ≥92% for a patient on chronic oxygen therapy 5. symptoms or signs of acute covid-19, defined as one or more of the following: 1. cough 2. reported or documented body temperature of 100.4 degrees fahrenheit or greater 3. shortness of breath 4. chest pain 5. infiltrates on chest imaging (x-ray, ct scan, lung ultrasound)

inclusion criteria: 1. hospitalized for covid-19 2. ≥18 years of age 3. sars-cov-2 infection, documented by: 1. nucleic acid test (nat) or equivalent testing within 3 days prior to randomization or 2. documented by nat or equivalent testing more than 3 days prior to randomization and progressive disease suggestive of ongoing sars-cov-2 infection per the responsible investigator (for non-nat tests, only those deemed with equivalent specificity to nat by the protocol team will be allowed. a central list of allowed non- nat tests is maintained in appendix e. appendix e. non-nat tests deemed with equivalent specificity to nat by the protocol team). 4. hypoxemia, defined as spo2 \<92% on room air, new receipt of supplemental oxygen to maintain spo2 ≥92%, or increased supplemental oxygen to maintain spo2 ≥92% for a patient on chronic oxygen therapy 5. symptoms or signs of acute covid-19, defined as one or more of the following: 1. cough 2. reported or documented body temperature of 100.4 degrees fahrenheit or greater 3. shortness of breath 4. chest pain 5. infiltrates on chest imaging (x-ray, ct scan, lung ultrasound)

inclusion criteria: hospitalized for covid-19 ≥18 years of age sars-cov-2 infection, documented by: nucleic acid test (nat) or equivalent testing within 3 days prior to randomization or documented by nat or equivalent testing more than 3 days prior to randomization and progressive disease suggestive of ongoing sars-cov-2 infection per the responsible investigator (for non-nat tests, only those deemed with equivalent specificity to nat by the protocol team will be allowed. a central list of allowed non- nat tests is maintained in appendix e. appendix e. non-nat tests deemed with equivalent specificity to nat by the protocol team). hypoxemia, defined as spo2 <92% on room air, new receipt of supplemental oxygen to maintain spo2 ≥92%, or increased supplemental oxygen to maintain spo2 ≥92% for a patient on chronic oxygen therapy symptoms or signs of acute covid-19, defined as one or more of the following: cough reported or documented body temperature of 100.4 degrees fahrenheit or greater shortness of breath chest pain infiltrates on chest imaging (x-ray, ct scan, lung ultrasound)

inclusion criteria: hospitalized for covid-19 ≥18 years of age sars-cov-2 infection, documented by: nucleic acid test (nat) or equivalent testing within 3 days prior to randomization or documented by nat or equivalent testing more than 3 days prior to randomization and progressive disease suggestive of ongoing sars-cov-2 infection per the responsible investigator (for non-nat tests, only those deemed with equivalent specificity to nat by the protocol team will be allowed. a central list of allowed non- nat tests is maintained in appendix e. appendix e. non-nat tests deemed with equivalent specificity to nat by the protocol team). hypoxemia, defined as spo2 <92% on room air, new receipt of supplemental oxygen to maintain spo2 ≥92%, or increased supplemental oxygen to maintain spo2 ≥92% for a patient on chronic oxygen therapy symptoms or signs of acute covid-19, defined as one or more of the following: cough reported or documented body temperature of 100.4 degrees fahrenheit or greater shortness of breath chest pain infiltrates on chest imaging (x-ray, ct scan, lung ultrasound)