1. Previous allergic reaction to plasma exchange reagents (e.g. sodium citrate) or equipment 2. Two consecutive negative RT-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 taken at least 24 h apart 3. Mild COVID-19 cases not requiring ICU admission 4. Terminally ill patients receiving palliative care

1. Previous allergic reaction to plasma exchange reagents (e.g. sodium citrate) or equipment 2. Two consecutive negative RT-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 taken at least 24 h apart 3. Mild COVID-19 cases not requiring ICU admission 4. Terminally ill patients receiving palliative care